In humans, red blood cells infected with the malaria parasite, plasmodium falciparum, accumulate in the placenta via interaction with a molecule expressed on. This phenomenon is attributable to the accumulation of infected erythrocytes in the intervillous spaces of the placenta through specific adhesion to chondroitin. Pregnancy poses specific challenges for the diagnosis of malaria, because p. Parasite dynamics in the peripheral blood and the placenta during. Among the 17 cases of gestational malaria diagnosed by pcr, 65% 1117 were p.
Blood grouping in pregnancy, guidelines and foetal genotyping. Genesis of placental sequestration in malaria and possible targets. Placental mtor signaling and fetal growth restriction in. Pathogens in maternal blood and fetal cord blood using q.
There is also evidence for immune system priming in foetuses when their mothers have been infected my malaria during pregnancy. Dried placental blood spot specimens were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction pcr. Background anaemia is an increasingly recognized health problem in africa, particularly in infants and pregnant women. Pcr detection and genotyping of isolates from peripheral, placenta, and cord blood of pregnant malawian. Prevalence of gestational, placental and congenital. A hallmark of malaria during pregnancy is the sequestration of malariainfected red blood cells irbcs containing late developmental stages of malaria parasite such as late trophozoite and early schizonts in the intervillous spaces ivs of the placenta 1, 2. Placental malaria is rare among zanzibari pregnant women. Pregnancy associated malaria pam causes adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes owing to plasmodium falciparum accumulation in the placenta. The impact of malaria on pregnancy in malaria endemic areas anemia risk 315%, low birth weight 70% and neonatal mortality 38%. When malaria infects the placenta during pregnancy, babys future immunity can be affected study suggests that a mothers cells could directly act as part of. Placental alkaline phosphatase, the heatstable hsalp isoform is produced by the placenta and its activity has been associated with cord blood nutrients and proper foetal growth. Placental malaria is caused by plasmodium falciparuminfected erythrocytes that bind to placental tissue.
Malaria in pregnancy, prevention greentop guideline no. Understanding the timing of peripheral infections that lead to placental. Question can your baby become immune if youre pregnant and you have malaria. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy occur primarily in humans, and are estimated to cause 10%15% of maternal deaths 4. Adverse outcomes of malaria during pregnancy include maternal anemia and low infant birth weight. By using pcr, placenta malaria was identified in 95 out of. Two of the probable outcomes are fetal anemia and cord blood malaria parasitemia.
Merozoite surface protein msp genotypingthirty pcrpositive samples of paired cord and maternal blood were genotyped for msp1. Protective antibodies against placental malaria and poor. Binding is mediated by var2csa, a parasite antigen coded by the var gene, which interacts with chondroitin sulfate a csa. When malaria infects the placenta during pregnancy, babys. When malaria infects the placenta during pregnancy, babys future immunity can be affected study suggests that a mothers cells could directly act as part of her childs immune system, even after. Molecular surveillance of the pfmdr1 n86y allele among. Although malaria is known to be the main risk factor of anaemia in both groups, the consequences of maternal factors, particularly malaria in pregnancy mip, on infant haemoglobin hb concentrations during the first months of life are still unclear.
The study was conducted in brazzaville, the capital of the republic of congo with 1. Molecular detection of malaria at delivery reveals a high. This is usually accompanied by the infiltration of maternal leukocytes, especially monocytes, in the ivs 3, 4 and hemozoin. Malaria infections during pregnancy lead to sequestration of parasite infected red blood cells in the placenta. Placental malaria, maternal health, and public health. In this report, the impact of placental malaria on pregnancy and perinatal outcome is. Complement activation and the resulting placental vascular. Study calls a malaria preventive for pregnant women into. Background the pathophysiology of the placental malaria is not fully understood. Malaria during pregnancy remains a risk for approximately 125 million women each year. Congenital malaria may also contribute to intrauterine growth retardation and may have.
Placental alkaline phosphatase activity in serum of some. Malaria during pregnancy results in intrauterine growth restriction, fetal. We observed that children born to mothers with placental malaria, but not those born to mothers with peripheral. Additionally, the presence of malaria parasites, namely plasmodium falciparum, has been associated with the occurrence of placental lesions. Quantitative rtpcr total rna was extracted from frozen cryosections using rneasy minikits qiagen, hilden. If there is a fetal sexspecific susceptibility to malaria infection, this might add to the previous knowledge on the immunology, endocrinology and pathophysiology of placental malaria infections. Antibody recognition of placental infected erythrocytes is dependent on sex and gravidity, and could protect from malaria complications. Malaria is well known to decrease blood pressure in non. Aims this study was conducted to assess whether the sex of the fetus was associated with placental malaria infections. The heavy infiltration of plasmodium falciparuminfected rbcs in the intervillous spaces of placenta seems to be responsible for all the complications observed. Pregnant women are susceptible to malaria during pregnancy. Malaria and hiv infections during pregnancy can individually or jointly unleash or confound pregnancy outcomes. Only 2% isolates from delhi showed mixed genotype by pcr fig.
Consequences include maternal anemia and fetal growth retardation. The underlying mechanisms of fetal growth restriction in placental malaria are still unknown but a study implicated impaired placental amino acid transport in. The sequestration of parasiteinfected red blood cells in the placenta is the pathognomonic of malaria during pregnancy. Maternal, placental, and cord blood were tested for malaria infection by microscopy and. We followed 473 motherinfant pairs during pregnancy and through 2 years of age. Pcr detection and genotyping of isolates from peripheral, placental, and cord blood of pregnant malawian women and their infants deborah d. Genetic polymorphisms of mannosebinding lectin do not. Placental malaria pm is a major cause of fetal growth restriction, yet the. Fetal rhd genotype detection from circulating cell. We determined clinical and demographic factors associated with fetal anemia and cord blood malaria parasitemia in newborns of hivpositive women from two districts in ghana.
To test this hypothesis, molecular genotyping was used to detect polymorphisms at codon 57 ac in exon 1 of mbl2 in 401 pregnant cameroonian women, with or without placental malaria, who had lbw and normalweight babies. Malaria, especially plasmodium falciparum infection during pregnancy, is a major public health problem in subsaharan africa, where it is the major cause of perinatal and infant deaths desai et al. Malaria in pregnancy causes a range of adverse effects, including abortions and stillbirths. Malaria in pregnancy, prevention green top guideline no. When malaria infects the placenta during pregnancy, babys future immunity can be affected.
Impact of placental plasmodium falciparum malaria on. Detection of placental malaria the safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility of the study sponsor and investigators. Pregnancyassociated plasmodium falciparum infection impacts the health of mothers and newborns, but little is known about the effects of these infections on infant susceptibility to malaria. Antibodymediated immunity to placental malaria is acquired during successive pregnancies, but. Answer some of the protective antibodies that the mother produces when she has malaria can pass to her baby via the placenta. Study calls a malaria preventive for pregnant women into question. Pregnancyassociated malaria pam or placental malaria is a presentation of the common illness that is particularly lifethreatening to both mother and developing fetus. These included information on malaria prophylaxis and treatment, maternal illness during pregnancy, gestational age and birthweight. However, data are limited on the relationships between longitudinal measures of malaria during pregnancy, measures of placental malaria, and birth outcomes. Malaria in pregnancy poses a great health risk to mother and her fetus and results into complications, such as abortion, still birth, intra uterine growth retardation, and low birth weight. Plos medicine hypertension and maternalfetal conflict.
All samples of umbilical cord blood were negative for malarial parasites by both tests. Parasitized cells in the placenta express unique variant surface antigens vsa, predominantly the var2csa protein, and lack of immunity to these pregnancyspecific variant surface antigens. This, combined with the mothers illness and anaemia, can lead to low birth weight, anaemia and other complications in the child once it is born. In malariaendemic regions, almost 50% of all low birthweight cases are attributed to fetal growth restriction. Cord blood was collected immediately after delivery from a large vein on the fetal side of the placenta. Cord blood infection is common,148,149 but clinical disease. Although some other infectious diseases are also worse in pregnancy, malaria seems to be a special case. Pam is caused primarily by infection with plasmodium falciparum, the most dangerous of the four species of malariacausing parasites that infect humans. Malaria in pregnancy has been associated with maternal morbidity, placental malaria, and adverse birth outcomes. Plasmodium falciparum, which sequesters in the placenta, causes the greatest disease, contributing significantly to maternal and infant mortality. Pcr detection and genotyping of isolates from peripheral, placental, and cord blood of pregnant malawian women and. Researchers have observed, for the first time, the mouse placental circulation and showed how it can. Peripheral parasitemia was comparable in both genotypes and with all.
Methods sample collection and ethics committee approval of cohort 1 has been described previously akolekar et al. Impact of placental plasmodium falciparum malaria on pregnancy. Using quantitative realtime pcr, we observed a change in placental. Placental blood flow can influence malaria during pregnancy. Relationships between infection with plasmodium falciparum. Despite many studies, it remains unclear which peripheral blood infections during pregnancy lead to development of placental malaria. Placental but not peripheral plasmodium falciparum. The blood group and antibody status of a pregnant woman should be tested at booking and at 28 weeks gestation to identify the abo group and d status and to detect red cell. Pregnant women carrying female fetuses are at higher risk. Placental histopathological changes associated with.
Placental infection can result in adverse outcomes for mothers and infants. Pcr polymerase chain reaction pd pharmacodynamics pk pharmacokinetics ppq piperaquine. Pcr detection and genotyping of isolates from peripheral, placenta, and cord blood of pregnant malawian women and their infants. During pregnancy, a woman faces a much higher risk of contracting. This study analysed a total of 101 matched blood samples maternal peripheral, placenta, and cord blood collected from pregnant women with asymptomatic malaria who had a normal child delivery at the madibou integrated health center, brazzaville, between march 2014 and april 2015. Plasmodium falciparum infections of the placenta remain a major medical challenge among pregnant women in subsaharan africa. A number of factors influence the prevalence of placental malaria in pregnant women, including maternal age, gravidity, use of prophylaxis, nutrition, host genetics, and level of antiparasite immunity, as well as. Listing a study does not mean it has been evaluated by the u. Plasmodium falciparum genotypes in matched peripheral. Understanding of the biological basis for susceptibility to malaria in pregnancy was recently advanced by the discovery that erythrocytes infected with plasmodium falciparum accumulate in the placenta through adhesion to molecules such as chondroitin sulphate a. Cord blood genotypes were usually a subset of those in peripheral and placental blood, but. Umbilical cordblood infections with plasmodium falciparum. Maternal venous blood was collected during the first 24 hours of the puerperium from a peripheral vein.
704 222 1114 313 630 1020 915 1093 1468 297 1005 553 985 856 1066 1248 259 128 1113 1210 1562 1002 857 72 400 1011 318 758 1128 281 50 1124 589 1180 1335 136 301 786 609 1334 579 68 159 796 923 1307 32 1300 644 222